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TIME: Almanac of the 20th Century
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TIME, Almanac of the 20th Century.ISO
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1990
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90
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jan_mar
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0326540.000
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1994-02-27
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<text>
<title>
(Mar. 26, 1990) Died:Bruno Bettelheim
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
Mar. 26, 1990 The Germans
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
MILESTONES, Page 65
Dead by His Own Decision--Bruno Bettelheim: 1903-1990
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Throughout his long life, Bruno Bettelheim was a fighter.
Gruff, outspoken, argumentative, stubborn, he was ready to do
battle with just about anybody about anything. World famous for
his innovative treatment of autistic children, he once declared
that most "expert advice" about children is "nonsense." A
lifelong liberal, he denounced the radicals of the 1960s as
neo-Nazis. A former concentration-camp prisoner, he provoked
outrage by writing that Europe's Jews had not done enough to
resist the Holocaust. Bettelheim's argument: "All people, Jews
or gentiles, who dare not defend themselves when they know they
are in the right, who submit to punishment not because of what
they have done but because of who they are, are already dead by
their own decision."
</p>
<p> Born in Vienna in 1903, Bettelheim had just completed his
doctorate in psychology and his studies with Sigmund Freud,
when Nazi Germany marched into Austria. Bettelheim was beaten
and hauled off to spend a year in the concentration camps of
Dachau and Buchenwald. Released in 1939, he went to the U.S.
and found work teaching first at Rockford College, then at the
University of Chicago.
</p>
<p> Bettelheim said later he had survived the concentration
camps partly by studying and analyzing other prisoners. He saw
that the guards systematically tried to break down the
prisoners' identity, their sense of value and meaning. He was
one of the very first to describe that process in a widely
reprinted article, "Individual and Mass Behavior in Extreme
Situations" (1943). No less important, he got the idea that he
could treat supposedly incurable autistic children by reversing
the Buchenwald process, taking intensive care of them and
restoring their sense of themselves. "As an educator and
therapist of severely disturbed children," he wrote in The Uses
of Enchantment (1976), his prizewinning study of fairy tales,
"my main task was to restore meaning to their lives."
</p>
<p> The University of Chicago's Sonia Shankman Orthogenic
School, which Bettelheim headed from 1944 to 1972, gave him a
chance to put his theories into practice. Taking in 30 or more
children, he kept them in what he called a "therapeutic
milieu," with counselors treating them around the clock rather
than during limited visits. He claimed that more than 85% of
his patients achieved "full return to participation in life."
</p>
<p> Bettelheim wrote prolifically and passionately about his
school and his theories: Love Is Not Enough (1950), Truants
from Life (1955), The Empty Fortress (1967). But a number of
critics charged that his claims of cures were exaggerated. They
also attacked some of his theories, notably his guilt-inducing
accusation that childhood schizophrenia could often be blamed
on "schizophrenic mothers." Relenting somewhat, Bettelheim
declared in A Good Enough Parent (1987), "There are no perfect
parents and no perfect children, but every parent can be good
enough."
</p>
<p> Bettelheim had written extensively about the concentration
camps in The Informed Heart (1960), but he could not get over
the experience. "He told me that once you were in a camp, you
could never escape the cruelty," said a colleague, Rudolph
Ekstein. In Surviving, and Other Essays (1979), Bettelheim
asked a painful question: "What of the horrible nightmares
about the camps which every so often awaken me today, 35 years
later, despite a most rewarding life...?"
</p>
<p> And life seemed less rewarding lately. Bettelheim was
greatly afflicted by the death in 1984 of his wife of 43 years,
Gertrud. In 1987 he suffered a stroke that impaired his ability
to write. Six weeks ago, he moved out of his comfortable
beach-front apartment in Santa Monica, Calif., and into a
retirement home outside Washington, which he apparently found
unsatisfactory. Last week, at 86, the healer of sick children
decided that his struggles had gone on long enough. He took
some pills, then pulled a plastic bag over his head and lay
quiet until he died.
</p>
<p>By Otto Friedrich. Reported by Georgia Harbison/New York.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>